3月19日下午，第三届国际（宜宾）茶业年会国际茶情趋势和发展论坛在宜宾市恒旭国际大酒店举行，国际茶叶委员会、中国食品土畜进出口商会、欧盟茶与花草协会以及来自8个国家的茶叶协会主管分别做各国茶情专题演讲，全球茶情报告在宜宾产生。国际茶情趋势和发展论坛作为茶业年会的重头戏，通过组委会的精心筹划，全面呈现全球各国独特的市场消费特点、产业概览、进出口数据以及2019年市场及消费预测，聚焦全球茶业发展焦点问题的同时详细讲解了饮茶风俗与市场消费习惯，分析了2019年茶产业的发展趋势。论坛上国际茶叶委员会主席伊恩·吉布斯作《2019全球茶叶行业发展趋势，全球茶业面临的焦点问题》演讲，中国食品土畜进出口商会副会长于露作《2019中国茶产业发展趋势》演讲，美国茶叶协会主席彼得·高吉做《2018年美国茶叶贸易及消费简况，2019年北美茶饮消费预测》演讲，俄罗斯茶咖协会主席拉马兹·恰图里亚作《俄罗斯茶叶市场：现状和展望》演讲， 英国茶叶委员会主席莎伦·霍尔作《英国2018年茶叶贸易、消费简况及2019年消费趋势》演讲，欧盟茶于花草茶协会秘书长莫妮卡·柏特根作《欧盟2018年茶叶贸易、消费简况及2019年消费趋势》演讲，马拉维茶叶协会主席桑瓦尼·哈拉作《马拉维茶产业概览》演讲，加拿大茶与花草茶协会主席莎南·韦伯作《加拿大茶叶贸易与消费》演讲，法国茶叶专家芭芭拉·杜福雷恩作《法国茶叶市场》演讲，日本中国茶协会会长王亚雷作《日本茶产业2018年概况及2019年预测》演讲，泰国茶会主席刘培峰作《泰国茶产业面临的机遇与挑战》演讲。会议产生的国际茶情无论对生产者、经营者还是管理者了解目标市场，制定发展规划，促进产业稳定发展都具有十分重要的作用，同时由第三届（宜宾）茶业年会组委会汇编的《全球茶情报告》，中英文对照全面呈现全球茶情，信息量大，内容丰富，深受与会各国代表的欢迎。本刊将选登相关作者报告作连续报道。此次国际茶情趋势和发展论坛前半场由湖南农业大学教授刘仲华主持，后半场由联合国粮农组织政府间茶叶工作组秘书让.卢克.马斯塔基主持。
2018年中国茶叶贸易概述
文/于露
近年来，我国茶叶产业的发展得到各级政府的高度关注和大力推动，茶叶生产、质量、文化、消费方面都取得了长足进步。茶叶进出口贸易总体稳中有进，规模连续创历史新高。2018年，中国茶业以更加稳健的步伐、更开阔的胸怀融入世界茶业，贸易交流合作也更加紧密。贸易情况具体如下：
湖南农业大学教授刘仲华主持会议
一、 出口态势平稳向好，量价再上新台阶
根据海关统计，2018年，我国茶叶出口至128个国家和地区，出口数量36.5万吨，同比上升2.7%，金额17.8亿美元（120亿元人民币），同比上升10.5%。
从出口种类看，绿茶出口依然强劲，出口30.3万吨，同比增长3%，出口金额12.2亿美元，同比增长7.9%。绿茶出口量占中国茶叶出口总量83%，出口金额占总出口额69%。乌龙茶和花茶出口增势喜人，分别出口1.9万吨和6917吨，同比上升17.2%和12.2%。普洱茶出口止跌回升，数量2970吨，同比上升9.3%。红茶是第二大出口茶类，出口量为3.3万吨，与去年同比下降7.2%。
从出口地区看，非洲和亚洲仍是中国茶叶出口最重要的市场。其中，对非出口20万吨，同比上升3.3%，占出口总量55%；对亚出口9.8万吨，同比增长3.1%，占出口总量26.9%。中国倡议并推进的“一带一路”建设带来了机遇，茶叶贸易量逐年增加，2018年出口9万吨，同比增长2.1%。对东盟国家出口1.8万吨，同比上升10.8%。对欧盟出口2.9万吨，同比略降1.4%。
从出口价格上看，受国内生产成本持续上涨的影响，除普洱茶，绿茶、红茶、乌龙茶和花茶的出口均价均不同程度提高，拉动茶叶出口总额快速增长。
我国28个出口省（市）出口茶叶，茶叶出口量排名前五位的省份分别是浙江、安徽、湖南、福建、江西，该五省出口量占出口总量82.7%。
茶叶出口稳定增长有两个主要原因：一是茶叶安全质量不断提升，为茶叶扩大出口夯实了基础。我国政府主管部门不断强化茶叶质量安全管理，各产区加快各产区加快实施绿色生产模式，积极创建高标准生态茶园。从茶叶生产、加工到商品茶包装销售的全过程，质量安全问题都作为重点问题在抓。茶叶卫生质量安全水平不断提高，进口商和消费者的信心增强需求上涨。二是国际市场茶叶消费进一步多元化。尽管世界茶叶消费品类中，红茶仍占据主导地位。但随着消费者对绿茶、特色保健茶等功效的认知不断提高，近年来以绿茶为主的消费升温，贸易量持续增长。
联合国粮农组织政府间茶叶工作组秘书长让.卢克.马斯塔基主持会议
二、茶叶进口快速增长，市场前景广阔
2018年，中国进口茶叶量为3.55万吨，同比增长19.1%，进口额为1.8亿美元，同比增长19.4%。2014 -2018年茶叶进口量复合增长率为7.2%，进口金额复合增长率达12.7%。
进口茶叶以红茶为主，达3万吨，同比增长16%，占进口总量83.3%，进口金额1.2亿美元，同比增长10.4%。2014 -2018年红茶进口量复合增长率为14.6%，进口金额复合增长率为14.4%。其次是绿茶和乌龙茶，进口量分别为3142吨和2308吨，各占进口总量的8.7%和6.5%。
斯里兰卡是最大的红茶来源国，占进口红茶总量36.7%，其次是印度、肯尼亚、印度尼西亚。进口绿茶、乌龙茶主要来自于中国台湾省。
茶叶进口量大幅增加主要由于中国市场消费升级，企业需要不断创新产品和口味来迎合消费者的多元化需求。以红茶为原料调制的各种茶饮料和袋泡茶受到人们的欢迎，随之对外国红茶的需求不断上涨。
三、今年形势展望
茶叶贸易正在蓬勃发展，未来将呈现的四个主要趋势：一是各国人们对健康理念的认识，对茶叶健康属性的了解，带动了对茶叶的喜爱，茶消费需求将会持续增长；二是茶叶从业人员通过科技和创新，使茶叶品质不断提高、品种不断丰富，茶叶的多重内涵得以充分发挥，更加受到消费者的青睐。三是茶叶自身蕴含的愉悦和谐、自然健康的魅力吸引和连结了亲朋好友，人们以茶论道、以茶会友，获得了精神上的享受。各国不同的茶文化交流融合，更加带动了茶叶贸易的发展；四、市场更加包容开放，贸易壁垒也将逐步减少，贸易合作更加顺畅。
茶叶产业面临着发展机遇,同时也面临着挑战。一是继续提振消费，掌握年轻消费者的心理，使之喜爱茶常喝茶；二是如何更好地体现茶叶价值，让消费者更易相信和接受；三是更加科学规范地使用农药和生物农药，保障茶叶安全生产，同时最大限度地减少污染保护环境。
Overview of China's Tea Trade in 2018
In recent years, the development of tea industry in China was intensely focused and vigorously promoted by the government at all levels. Great progress has been made in tea production, quality assurance, cultural popularization and tea consumption. Volume of tea Import and export trade has raised steadily and has set new records continuously. In 2018, China's tea industry has been working closely with other countries with a smooth pace and a broader mind in order to integrate the world tea industry. The trade situation in details is as follows:
1. Export increased steadily, with both record-breaking volume and price.
According to customs statistics, in 2018, 365,000 tons of Chinese tea has exported to 128 countries and regions, up to 2.7% YoY (Year-on-year percentage), and the value of tea exports increased by 10.5% YoY to 1.78 billion US dollars (12 billion RMB).
From the perspective of classification of tea, the export of Chinese green tea remains robust, with the volume of 330,000 tons, an increase of 3% YoY, and the total value of 1.22 billion US dollars, an increase of 7.9% YoY. , the export of Chinese green tea accounted for 83% of China's total tea export volume and 69% of total export value. Oolong tea and scented tea exports grew impressively, exporting 19,000 tons and 6917 tons respectively, up to 17.2% and 12.2% YoY. Pu'er tea exports stopped falling and rebounded, with a total volume of 2970 tons, up 9.3% YoY. Black tea is the second largest classification of tea, with an export volume of 33,000 tons, decreased 7.2% YoY.
From the perspective of destination of exports, Africa and Asia are still the most important markets for Chinese tea. Among them, the volume of exports to Africa reached 200,000 tons , increased by 3.3% YoY, accounting 55% of total exports; exports to Asia increased by 3.1% YoY, accounting for 26.9% of total exports. The proposed initiative “the Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road” has brought opportunities to tea trade with countries participating in the “Belt and Road” initiative, the volume of tea trade has increased year by year, with an export volume of 90,000 tons in 2018, an increase of 2.1% YoY. Exports volume to ASEAN countries reached 18,000 tons, increased 10.8% YoY, 29,000 tons to the EU, a slight decrease of 1.4% YoY.
In terms of export prices, due to the continuous rise of domestic production costs, the average export prices of green tea, black tea, oolong tea and scented tea all increased to varying degrees, which helped raise the growth of total value of tea exports.
There are 28 export provinces (cities) in China that exports tea. The top five among them are Zhejiang, Anhui, Hunan, Fujian and Jiangxi, their export volume account for 82.7% of the total export volume of China.
There are two main reasons for the steady growth of tea export: firstly, the continuous improvement of tea quality assurance has laid a solid foundation for the expansion of tea export. The competent authorities of Chinese government have been continuously strengthened the quality and safety management of tea, accelerated the implementation of green production mode and established high-standard ecological tea plantations in all tea-producing regions. quality and safety are given special attention during the whole process of tea production, processing, packaging and sales of tea. The levels of hygiene and tea quality have been continuously improved, which led to the increasing confidence and demand of importers and consumers. Secondly, tea consumption in the international market is further diversified. Although black tea still dominates the world tea consumption, the consumption of green tea has been increasing in recent years, and the volume of trade has continued to grow. Due to the continuous trend of healthy diet among consumers that the green tea may be healthier than black tea.
2. Rapid growth of tea imports and broad market prospects
In 2018, China imported 355,000 tons of tea, an increase of 19.1% YoY, with imports of 180 million US dollars, an increase of 19.4% YoY. The compound growth rate of tea import volume was 7.2% from 2014 to 2018, and the compound growth rate of tea import value was 12.7%.
Black tea is the main imported tea, reaching 30,000 tons, up 16% YoY, accounting for 83.3% of the total imports, and the amount of imports is 120 million US dollars, up 10.4% year-on-year. From 2014 to 2018, the compound growth rate of black tea import was 14.6%, and the compound growth rate of import amount was 14.4%. The second is green tea and oolong tea, with imports of 3,142 tons and 2,308 tons respectively, accounting for 8.7% and 6.5% of the total import volume.
Sri Lanka is the largest source of imports of black tea, which accounts for 36.7% of the total imported black tea, followed by India, Kenya and Indonesia. Imports of green tea and oolong tea are mainly from Taiwan Province of China.
The large increase in tea imports is mainly due to the upgrading of consumption in the Chinese market. Enterprises need to constantly innovate new products with new tastes to meet the diversified needs of consumers. Various kinds of tea beverages and tea bags made from black tea are welcomed among Chinese consumers, and the demand for foreign black tea keeps rising.
3. Prospects for the situation in 2019
The tea trade is developing vigorously, and there will be four main trends in the future: first, the knowledge of healthy diet and health benefits of tea will be deepened among consumers which will led to the raise of demand for tea, trade volume will certainly continue to grow; second, through science and technology and innovation, tea producers will continuously improve the quality of tea, constantly enrich the varieties and fully enrich the multiple connotations of tea. So that tea will be more favoured by consumers. Thirdly, the charm of pleasure, harmony and natural health contained in tea itself attracts and connects relatives and friends. People communicate sincerely and peacefully when they drink tea with spiritual enjoyment. The exchange and integration of different tea cultures from different countries has further promoted the development of tea trade. Fourth, the market is more inclusive and open, trade barriers will be gradually reduced, and trade cooperation will be smoother.
Tea industry is facing both development opportunities and challenges. Hence, first, it worth consideration that how to boost consumption continuously, by understanding the consuming psychology of young generation, so that they drink tea more often and enjoyably; second, how to reflect the underlying value of tea, so that consumers are more willing to understand and accept; third, how to apply more scientific and standardized use of pesticides and biological pesticides, in order to ensure the safety of tea production, as well as minimizing pollution and protecting the environment.
(来源：茗边智库，本文选自《全球茶情报告（2019.3）》）
